Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water

Prof. Ignat Ignatov,
Dr. Oleg Mosin,
2006, Sofia, Bulgaria; Moscow, Russia

Water is the foundation of life. It is still a mystery for science how non-living matter transformed into a living one. New properties of water have to be studied, though it seems like we know all about it already.

In March 2004 an American space probe found “traces’ of water on Mars and salt in a dried up lake.

Scientists can already presume that perhaps there has been and still is life on this planet.

On two of Saturn’s satellites American space probes found traces of water.

In July 2005 the American space apparatus “Deep Impact” shot a projectile in the Temple 1 comet. The basic module was at a significant distance and effected monitoring about the consequences of the collision by analyzing the chemical composition and structure of the comet’s nucleus. The results will allow the evaluation of the internal composition of the comet. This will help humanity solve the puzzle about the origin of the Solar system and the origination of living matter. American scientists have monitored three sections covered with ice in a small zone on the surface of the comet’s nucleus. According to scientific opinion, water that has transformed into ice contains many admixtures. It is presumed that a much larger quantity of ice is contained in the nucleus. Scientists have long reached the conclusion that comets are fragments from the formation of the Solar system 4,6 billion years ago.

In August 2008 Nasa’s Phoenix lander spacecraft has for the first time identified water in a sample of soil collected from the planet’s surface.

„This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tested”, William Boyton one of the researchers on the mission, explained.

Scientists are more and more convinced that the availability of water on space objects is more a rule, than an exception. The paradigm of public thinking with regard to the properties of water is also changing.

In January 2009 Dr. Michael Mumma from NASA announced that there are three areas on Mars, which slowly release significant quantities of methane. All three areas bear traces of the availability of a lot of land ice or running water.

The methane columns in the Martian atmosphere prove to scientists that probably there exist living microbes under the surface of the planets. According to the scientists, there is no data that methane has been brought to the planet by a celestial body, for example, a comet. There is no evidence that the gas is a product of volcanic activity, for example the presence of sulphur dioxide. According to researchers, if methane originates from microbes, they probably live deep under the lifeless Martian surface – at a depth where it is sufficiently warm so that liquefied water could exist.

NASA announced on November 14, 2009, that a “significant quantity” of frozen water was found on the Moon. The probe has detected the presence of water in a constantly eclipsed lunar crater. “The discovery opens a new chapter in our understanding of the Moon, scientists from the U.S. space agency reported. The new data was received after NASA sent two space shuttles, which were wrecked on the lunar surface in October 2009 in an attempt to detect water. Previously, scientists supported the theory that, besides the possibility of the existence of ice at the bottom of craters, the Moon was totally dry.

Beyond the facts, let’s look at the discovery from the position of biophysics. The average distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384 400 km. Indeed, this scientific achievement overturns the paradigm for the presence of water in the Solar system. Both Moon and Earth are practically the same distance from the Sun. The discovery of American scientists will help us to appreciate better the factors that contribute to the emergence of living matter.

In 2001 scientists from the scientific and research center IMSat NASA and the University of Santa Cruz, California, conducted an experiment close to the conditions of the young Solar system.

A mixture of different substances (water, methanol, carbonic acid and carbon dioxide) was cooled down to 10° К ( –263,16° С ).

The mixture was irradiated with an ultraviolet light of the same wavelength that has existed in the dense molecular cloud from which the Solar system was structured. Organic molecules were formed. In this mixture self-organizing structures with dimensions of 10 µm were found. By their form they are bubbles resembling cells.

The planet Gliese 581 C orbits the faint red star Gliese 581, which is 20.5 light-years away in the constellation Libra.

The scholars Udry and Mayor of the Geneva Observatory say the benign temperatures on the planet mean any water there could exist in liquid form, and this raises the chances it could also harbour life.

“We have estimated that the mean temperature of this ‘super-Earth’ lies between 0 and 40 ° С, and water would thus be liquid,” explained Udry, lead author of the scientific report reporting the result.

Moreover, Gliese 581 C radius should be only 1.5 times the Earth’s radius, and models predict that the planet should be either rocky – like our Earth – or covered with oceans.”

Delfosse from Grenoble University, added: “Liquid water is critical condition to life as we know it.”

The observatories would seek to identify trace atmospheric gases such as methane, and even markers for chlorophyll, the pigment in Earth plants that plays a substantional role in photosynthesis.

My opinion is that it is absolutely possible for the “bio computer” water with its “memory” and substances with a efforts of nature “forces” to create „living” water and in this water -living cells on the planet Gliese 581 C.

Living organisms and man are complex self-organizing systems. They areopen, because they continually exchange substances and energy with the environment. The changes in the open systems are relatively stable in time. The stable correlation between the components in an open system is called a dissipative structure (Nikolis, Prigozhin, 1973).

It has been proven experimentally that water is also a self-organizing system (Antonov, Galabova, 1992). The expectations are that changes in water as a result of an external influence will be relatively stable in time.

This signifies that water “remembers” physical or chemical influences. The question about water“memory” is of exceptional interest. The first research studies, related to the memory of water, were effected by Deryagin and Churaev (1971). The durability of the results in time after an “activation” with an alternating magnetic field and upon electrolysis through a nuclear filter were performed by Minenko (1981) and Evseev (1982). Analyses have been carried out on the changes in the spectrum of natural waters (Antonov and co-authors, 1995). The question of how long information is stored by the water molecules is controversial in modern science. On the other hand, water has a number of unique properties that allow it to store and disseminate information as a result of the external physical or chemical factor of influence. In a physical sense the correct term is “informationability” of water (Dr. Ignatov). Yet one can hardly explain the origination of living matter without this property (Dr. Ignatov).

According to the originator of quantum mechanics, Schrodinger,living organisms decrease their own entropy at the expense of the increase of environmental entropy. According to Prigozhin, the formation of dissipative structures and their complication is related to changes in entropy.

The origination of a living cell is possible under extreme conditions and, with time, the stabilization of said conditions, which preserves the originating structures. The formed self-organizing structure aims to safeguard its state from the conditions of the external environment. This calls for the universal solvent –water – with its unique properties and specific substances. The vitality of living matter is proved even in the existence of archi-bacteria. They live in conditions of strong radioactivity, low temperatures, in volcano craters.

It looks like the water drop evaporates gradually. Antonov and Yuskeselieva prove a new physical effect. The water drop evaporates discreetly (unevenly). This effect depends on the energy states of the hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the water molecules and the hydrogen atoms of neighboring molecules.

Antonov and Galabova prove through spectral analysis that water is an open and self-organizing system. Water and the living organisms react sensitively to energy flows and store information from the environment. They apply the method of the Differential Non-equilibrium Energy Spectrum (DNES).

The water molecule clusters are the smallest and most unstable self-organizing structures in Nature (Ignatov, 2005). Changes in the water clusters as a result of internal influences could be relatively stable in time. The larger the cluster formation, the longer time information is stored regarding the physical or chemical factor. Stable self-organizing structures are obtained, which could carry future information concerning living matter.

Water molecules are restructured as a result of external influences. When they have received energy, they transfer information about their status to neighboring molecules through hydrogen bonds. This is done on the resonance principle (Zenin, 2002 ), (Ignatov, 2005).

In order to explain the structuring of clusters, one should approach it from a quantum-mechanic way. In the contrary case, one would find it hard to explain how the water molecules are structured in geometric clusters (“polymers”).

The classic polymer – this is a molecule in which the atoms are connected through covalent bonds, not through hydrogen ones. It is experimentally proven, that 10% of the hydrogen bonds inice are covalent (Isaac, 2002).

There exist interesting proof already that several molecules from a certain substance can significantly change the structure of water clusters. Homeopathy is a classical example for this. Experiments were conducted under the leadership of the eminent French immunologist Benveniste. The homeopathic principle was reproduced on biological models. When to one of the immune cells types in man specific antibodies interacting with them were added, a cell reaction was observed. Upon decrease of the concentration of the antibodies in some dilutions, an effect was observed, and in other cases – it disappeared. Such an alteration of biological activity of “solutions” was also observed in concentrations when the probability of the presence of even one protein molecule was only slight. The authors presumed that the transfer of biological information was due to the “memory” of water. “Double blind” experiments with homeopathic solutions of Benveniste do not prove the initially obtained positive results.

Experiments have been conducted with inorganic substances,which were diluted according to the homeopathic principle. Ray decided to disprove the homeopathic views. He diluted sodium chloride ( NaCl )and lithium chloride ( LiCl ) to a minus tenth degree. He also researched water with thermo-luminescence. The strange thing was that the researched solutions had a different spectrum.

Research has been effected concerning the alterations in the spectrum of homeopathic solutions from 1 to 15 potencies (“solutions”) (Ignatov, 2005). The research was conducted through the DNES method of natrium muraticum (NaCl) . At 1 CH the solution has 0.01 %, and at 2 CH it contains0.0001% of NaCl, etc. In this process the solution passes the Avogadro number. After this value it is accepted that no molecules of the diluted substance are present.

Analyses show that up to 6 CH, the changes in the homeopathic solutions are close to the result at 1 CH. At 5 CH the concentration of the solution is 10^-10 for NaCl, as in Ray’s experiments. After 11 CH, the result is close to or is in the framework of the statistical error.

The larger number of molecules of NaCl in the initial potencies creates conditions for stability of the clusters formed from the initial substance and the water molecules. The potency process“transfers” information to the larger potencies as well. This information is more “unstable”, when,subsequently, it is transferred by water molecules only.

Studies of the properties of homeopathic solutions have one peculiarity. In the homeopathic solution the effect is influenced not only by the diluted substance and the potentiation, but also by a third feature that researchers do not report. The solution itself is potentiated in an electromagnetic device and electromagnetic fields indicate to the device an influence on the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This means that this method of preparation of homeopathic solutions can not serve for the making of fundamental conclusions about informational properties of water (Dr. Ignatov).

There is indisputable proof that water lies in the foundation of living matter in the favorable conditions of our planet. Without the property of water “informationability”, one could hardly explain the origination of living matter. The clusters, which interact with chemical substances, effect evolution. The element that has played a decisive role is carbon (C). The small size of the atom allows for the carbon chains to bend. An indicator for the organic origin of carbon on Earth is the change of the ratio between its isotopes ¹²С and ¹³С for 3,8 billion years.

Yet what is the probability for a formation of water clusters, micro elements and additional conditions to create organic molecules, and,subsequently, living cells. Lets look at the smallest living cells. The smallest bacterium Micrococcus progrediens is 0.1 µm in diameter. The myco plasma is also 0.1 µm. This means that these cells are 1000 larger in diameter than the hydrogen atom. The myco plasma has the requisite macro molecules for the existence of a living cell. The interesting thing for it is that it has a flexible membrane, not a solid one, like the other cells. The myco plasma reproduces through the formation of coccus-like structures or division. The electric properties of the membrane, which is 0.1 µm wide, do not differ from those of the remaining cells.

The mathematical probabilities for the formation of stable water clusters cannot be computer calculated. The computer can calculate the probable positions of 8 water molecules. This is a proof for the huge potential of the “memorization” of water.

The presence of the elements carbon (C), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), etc., could lead to the formation of cluster structures that are more stable in time. The stability of these clusters depends on the resonance between the separate molecules. The availability of carbon compounds and ions of chemical elements could lead to an uncompensated electric charge and potential in a structure that is stable for the effectuation of biological processes.

The conduct of an electric bio-current and the structuring of the cellular membrane has made possible the transition from non-living to living matter. Additional experiments are required for the clarification of this process. Erythrocytes consist predominately of a cellular membrane, and blood contains 92% water. Life on Earth has an unified origin, because each living cell has 20 amino acids, 2 carbohydrates and 1 phosphate.

Under certain conditions one could also speak of “activated” water. Yet this statement brings suspicions in some scientists. It is proven that cancer cells “lacerate” the energy hydrogen bonds among water molecules the most (Antonov, Galabova, 1992). Yes, water can be ‘activated’ and bear information regarding the living. One of Emoto’s experiments shows crystallized water after a strong earthquake and 3 months later. A conclusion can be drawn from this experiment too that, under favorable conditions,water can concentrate information in a small volume of water clusters.

Emoto’s crystals provoke both an interest and an insufficiently grounded criticism. If we look at them more carefully, we will see that they are structured with six apexes. Yet an analysis that is even more detailed shows that winter snowflakes are also always symmetrical and have six branches. To what extent do these crystallized structures carry information about the environment they have been created in? Snowflakes can be beautifully structured and formless. This shows that the “control sample” (a cloud in the atmosphere) from which they originate influences them with the initial conditions. The initial conditions are solar activity, temperature, geophysical fields, humidity, etc. This means that a conclusion can be made for the approximately similar structure of the water drops and afterwards snowflakes from an “average” ensemble. They have an almost identical mass and move in the atmosphere with a close speed. In the atmosphere they continue to structure themselves and to increase their volume. Even if they have originated at a different place in the cloud, there is a sufficient number of snowflakes that have originated in almost identical conditions.

We can find an answer to the question what is a “positive” and “negative” information about snowflakes with Emoto. In laboratory conditions, “negative” information (earthquake, “bad” acoustic vibrations for man, etc.) does not structure crystals. But “positive” information does. Yet it is interesting to what extent one factor can structure identical or similar snowflakes. Water is at its most dense at a temperature of 4°C. It has been scientifically proven that its density decreases with the initiation of formation of hexagonal ice crystals upon decrease of temperature below 0°C. This is due to the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules.

But what is the reason for this structuring. Crystals are solid bodies whose constituent atoms, molecules or ions are arranged in a regular, repetitive structure in the three spatial dimensions. In water the crystal structure is slightly different. According to Isaac, only 10% of the hydrogen bonds in ice are covalent, i.e., sufficiently informationally stable. The hydrogen bonds between the oxygen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of another are most sensitive to external influences. The water spectrum in the cluster arrangement is relatively different in time. According to the effect of discreet evaporation of the water drop proven by Antonov and Yuskesselieva and the dependency of this effect on the energy states of the hydrogen bonds, we can search for an answer regarding the structuring of crystals. Each part of the spectrum depends on the surface tension of the water drops. The piques in the spectrum are six and informationally they “direct” the branches of the snowflake (Dr. Ignatov, 2009).

Apparently, in Emoto’s experiments, the initial “control” sample influences the crystal type. This means that after an influence with a specific factor, similar crystals could be expected. It is almost improbable to receive identical crystals. With the example for the influence of the word “love” on water, Emoto has not indicated clearly whether the experiment has been conducted from different samples.

“Double blind” experiments are required to check whether Emoto’s methodic is sufficiently differentiated. Isaac’s proof that 10% of the water molecules form covalent bonds after freezing shows us that probably water uses this information potential upon freezing. The achievement of Emoto even without “double blind” experiments remains sufficiently significant with regard to water’s information abilities.

Natural snowflake
Wilson Bentley, 1925

Snowflake of Emoto,
formed by natural water

One of the snowflake is natural, the other has been created by Emoto. The similarity indicates that the variety in the water spectrum is not infinite. Research has been made of the spectrum of natural waters from Teteven, Troyan, Rila Monastery (Bulgaria), Gersfeld (Germany). The spectrum is highly energy-charged at the strongest hydrogen bonds. With deionized water such a characteristic is missing. The cancer cells “tear” most highly the energy bonds in water. This means that “natural” waters carry the requisite living energy (Dr. Ignatov, 2009).

On November 15, 2008, an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.0 on the Richter scale was registered with an epicenter in Sofia.

Earthquake, Sofia,
4.0 Richter scale, 15 November 2008,
Prof. Ignatov, 2008©, Prof. Antonov’s device©

The figure shows the difference between the control sample and the ones from the remaining days. The water molecules “tear” most highly the energy hydrogen bonds in water, as well as two piques in the spectrum during the natural phenomenon. The research was made with Antonov’s device. The biophysical result shows a decrease of the organism’s vitality during an earthquake (Ignatov, 2008). During an earthquake, water cannot be structured into snowflakes in Emoto’s laboratory. There is evidence about a change in the electric conductivity of water during an earthquake.

In 1963, the Tanzanian high school student Erasto Mpemba observed that hot water freezes faster than cold water. This phenomenon is called the “Mpemba effect”. Actually, much earlier than Mpemba, this unique water property was noted by Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and Rene Descartes. This phenomenon has been proven with a series of independent experiments. Water demonstrates yet another one of its strange properties. In my opinion, the explanation is the following: the differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES) of boiled water has a smaller average energy of the hydrogen bonds among the water molecules than the sample having a room temperature (Ignatov, Antonov, Galabova, 1998). The boiled sample needs less energy to begin to structure crystals and to freeze (Dr. Ignatov, 2009).

To what extend can Emoto’s experiments be related to the “informationability of water. His experiments prove that water reacts to external influences. In his laboratory snowflakes lack the natural variety. They are formed in more standardized conditions. The valuable thing is that he demonstrates that water “remembers” external influences. The question regarding the longevity of this information in his experiments remains open.

A	B

Crystallized water after a strong earthquake (A) and 3 months later (B), Emoto.

Defrosted water is exceptionally “active”. In spring, an increase of the amplitudes in the spectrum of water, measured through the DNES method is observed. In this season birds and animals drink water from defrosted ice. Plants also grow quickly from this water. Defrosted water has a stimulating effect and is used successfully for the convalescence of diseased people after an operation. Scientists from the Royal Medical Institute in Stockholm report of a successful treatment of diabetes with defrosted water. The healing properties of defrosted water are due not only to the more “active” spectrum. Even more “active” is the protonated water. In this water deuterium is cleaned out and the water is “active” with regard to man’s vitality. In this water the deuterium is cleaned out and it is “active” for man’s vitality. Deuterium is practically cleaned out by freezing a small part of the water. The layer of ice contains the deuterium and it is removed. The remaining drinking water is protonated, i.e. deuterium-free water. Similar properties can be found in mountain water in which the process of cleaning out the deuterium is effected during the passage of water through earth layers. The water molecules in which the hydrogen atoms are from the deuterium isotope have difficulty passing through the cellular membrane. Marinov reported of a quick growth of flowers in Siberia. Together with Russian scientists in the 70ies, he proved that the water in the region contained less deuterium. Experiments were conducted proving “activation” of the spectrum of water, which is frosted after bioinfluence in “give” mode and defrosted before the spectral analysis.

Mosin from Russia has a unique contribution in the experiments with water that contains deuterium.

New achievements in the studies of water structure allow to better analyze the conditions for the emergence of life. It is difficult to presume that life has originated in “chaotic” water (Ignatov, 2010). Living organisms and water (Antonov, Galabova, 1992) are complex self-organizing systems. Schrödinger clearly defines that living organisms reduce their own entropy at the expense of increasing the entropy of the environment.

Self-organization can most logically explain the origin of living matter. The term itself was introduced in 1947 by Ashby. The dissipative structures of Prigozhin and the hyper cycles of Eigen show that life is most probably not the result of chaotic processes. Prigozhin demonstrated that the formation of dissipative structures and the increase of their complexity is associated with changes in entropy.

For their achievements, both scientists separately received the Nobel Prize.

In late 2009 and early 2010 I carried out experiments with control “deionized” water, mineral water, sea water, and mountain water from Bulgaria. Water from karst springs was also studied. The experiments were made with Antonov’s device for spectral analysis of water. Cactus juice was studied too (Ignatov, 2009). The cactus was selected as a model system because the plant contains about 90% water. Also, photosynthesis is carried out by the enlarged stems, which serve for storage of water as well. Mineral water from different springs was examined.

Closest to the spectrum of sap, however, is the spectrum of mineral water, which reacts with calcium carbonate (СаСО₃). Karst springs have a similar spectrum. Closest to the spectrum of sap is the spectrum of karst springs water, which interacts with mineral water.

In nature there are places with different water and identical external conditions. 25 km away from Teteven there is the Zlatna Panega karst spring with a temperature from 10 to 12,5 °C. Three mineral springs with an average temperature of 21 °C pour into the lake formed by the spring. Only a few kilometers away is the Vit river with an average temperature of around 15 °C. Photographs demonstrate the obvious difference between the plant life in the water of the river and the karst spring. This is visible proof of the optimally good place for the active life of algae under identical external conditions. The difference is only in the structure of water.

Karst and mineral spring, vegetation
Zlatna Panega, Teteven district, Bulgaria
Photo: Alexander Ignatov

Vit river, Teteven district, vegetation
7 km away from Zlatna Panega, Bulgaria
Photo: Alexander Ignatov

Close in value peaks in the amplitudes of the spectra of sap and of karst and mineral springs, which interact with calcium carbonate are observed. Peaks are found at -0.1112, -0.1187, -0.1262, -0.1287 и -0.1387 еV. The average energy of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules in the creation of cluster formations is measured. Similar amplitudes in the spectrum between the sap and the mountain and sea water is observed at -0.1362 еV. The spectrum of the control “deionized” water is substantially different from that of sap, mineral and mountain water.

There are three components that are exceptionally important before we proceed further. Modern physics can determine the composition of mineral water to the nearest atom. If, however, we mix these ingredients in deionized water, we will not obtain mineral water. Without analysis of parameters that are associated with energy, it is difficult to explain the origin of life as a mixture of organic molecules. Which are the factors that preserve information in a “self-organizing” structure. The more logical outcome is for it to self-destruct. Naturally all these processes have occurred due to energy from the environment.

Oparin, theoretically, and Miller, experimentally, have indicated the possibility for formation of organic molecules in the conditions of the young Earth.

Experiments and analyses indicate close quantum-mechanical distribution according to energies of water molecules between a liquid, which is directly connected with the vital activity of a plant, and mineral and karst water. Mineral water in springs and geysers flows with a nearly constant composition, and long enough. In contact with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), sulphur (S) and other elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, etc.), stable cluster formations are established. And since the external factor is repeated, they are more difficult to destroy. Energy required for maintaining the self-organizing structures directly depends on the heat from the volcanic activity and the magma. It also depends on the solar energy. Entropy depends on the amount of heat and the self-organized structure does not self-destruct because the energy balance is maintained.

A proof of this is that the oldest traces of photosynthesizing organisms are the stromatolites. The oldest stromatolites were found in Greenland. They are 3.8 billion years old. They have a complex laminar structure of calcium carbonate and extract hydrogen from water. Even today they exist in Shark-Bay, Australia. Perhaps there has been mineral water at their very inception at the bottom of the water basins, or after their creation close to the shore, they have spread in water basins. Life has been discovered at the bottom of the oceans under extremely harsh conditions and it was near hot mineral springs.

Dwarf Planet 2007 OR₁₀

One of the unique places in the Solar system is the satellite of Saturn – Enceladus. There the magma maintains liquid water and there is a probability for the existence of life. One of Jupiter’s moons – Europa – holds similar expectations. In August 2011, red-colored ice was discovered on the dwarf planet 2007 OR₁₀ in the Solar system. Analyses showed that these are carbon polymers. The explanation is a beginning of origination of life, when there have been active volcanoes on the planet as an energy source. Solar activity here is too low to sustain life activity.

Waterfall in Teteven, Bulgaria
Photo: Alexander Ignatov

The “Nature” journal indicates that there is new evidence for the origination of vegetation 1.5 billion years ago. You can obtain an impression of the first species of vegetation at the Teteven waterfall.

The plant cell cannot exist without the following organogenic elements C, H, N, P, O, S and the elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, B, etc.

Let’s review the following reactions:

(1)   CO₂ + 4H₂S + O₂ = CH₂O + 4S + 3H₂O

(2)   СаСО₃+ HOH + СО₂ = Ca(HCО₃)₂

The first equation shows how some chemosynthetic bacteria use energy from the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) to sulfur (S).

The second equation is related to one of the most common processes in nature.

In the presence of water and carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate transforms into calcium hydrogencarbonate.

In the presence of hydroxyl OH- ions, the cellular processes are activated. Kagava demonstrates that an effect of improving the conductivity of the cell membrane is observed. The valid reaction is:

(3)   CO₂ + ОН^– = HCО₃^–

(4)   2 HCO₃^– + Ca²⁺ = CaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O

It is assumed that the second reaction has been valid upon the origination of the stromatolites.

Contemporary chlorophyll contains the elements C, H, O, N, Mg.

Full text on Dr. Ignatov’s website: http://www.medicalbiophysics.bg/en/water_memory.html